method of preservation

"1. salting or brining (as a method of preservation). 2. a tripe soup. 3. salted, salt; pickled in brine."

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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As the son of an inn keeper, Nicolas Appert would have learned about pickling and brewing, but he chose to become a chef and confectioner, establishing himself in the rue des Lombards in Paris in 1780. He prospered there until about 1795, and in that year he began experimenting in ways to preserve foodstuffs, succeeding with soups, vegetables, juices, dairy products, jellies, jams and syrups. His method was to place food in glass jars, seal the jars with cork and sealing wax, then sterilize them by immersion in boiling water for a predetermined time.

In 1810 the French Government offered a 12,000 franc award to anyone succeeding in preserving high-quality foodstuffs for its army and navy. Appert won the award and in 1812 used the money to open the world's first food-bottling factory, La Maison Appert, in the town of Massey, near Paris. He established agents in all the major sea ports, recognizing the marine market as his most likely customer, and supplied products to Napoleon's troops in the field. By 1820 Appert's method was in use all over the United States, in spite of the simultaneous development of other containers of tin or other metals by an English merchant, Peter Durand, and the production of canned food products by the Bermondsey firm of Donkin \& Hall, London. The latter had opened the first canning factory in England in 1811.

Initially Appert used glass jars and bottles, but in 1822 he changed to tin-plated metal cans. To heat the cans he used an autoclave, which heated the water to a temperature higher than its boiling point. A hammer and chisel were needed to open cans until the invention of a can opener by an Englishman named Yates in 1855. Despite Appert's successes, he received little financial reward and died in poverty; he was buried in a common grave.

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метод сохранения проб
(напр. охлаждением, окислением)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• sample preservation method

m; -es, kein Pl. protection (gegen, vor + Dat against, from); (Geleit) escort; (Obdach, Zuflucht) shelter, refuge; (Obhut) custody; (Deckung) cover; (Erhaltung) preservation, conservation; (Wärmeschutz) insulation; (Sicherung) safeguard; rechtlicher Schutz legal protection; den Schutz des Gesetzes genießen be protected by law; jemandem Schutz gewähren give s.o. protection; Schutz suchen seek protection; vor dem Regen etc.: look for (a) shelter; fig. seek refuge ( vor + Dat from; bei with); sich Schutz suchend an jemanden wenden turn to s.o. for protection; im Schutze des Deiches / der Nacht protected by the dyke / under cover of darkness; jemanden in Schutz nehmen protect s.o.; (eintreten für) come to s.o.’s defen|ce (Am. -se), back s.o. up; da muss ich ihn in Schutz nehmen I have to take his side there; ich will niemanden in Schutz nehmen I don’t want to take sides; sie nimmt i-e Kinder immer in Schutz she won’t let anything be said against her children; zum Schutz gegen Erkältungen etc. to ward off colds etc., to build up one’s resistance against colds etc.; zum Schutz gegen Strahlung to protect ( oder shield) against radiation; diese Medizin bietet Schutz vor (+ Dat) ... protects against...

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protection; cover; shelter; defence; defense; lee; patronage; safeguard

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m -es, no pl

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1) (something that hides: He escaped under cover of darkness.) cover

2) (the method or equipment used to guard or protect: The walls will act as a defence against flooding.) defence

3) (the act of protecting or state of being protected: He ran to his mother for protection; This type of lock gives extra protection against burglary.) protection

4) (something that protects: The trees were a good protection against the wind.) protection

5) (anything that so protects etc a person etc: He hid behind the screen of bushes; a smokescreen.) screen

6) (something or someone that protects: A thick steel plate acted as a heat shield.) shield

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1. kein pl (Sicherheit gegen Schaden) protection

▪ \Schutz vor etw dat/gegen etw akk protection against/from sth

\Schutz vor dem Regen suchen to seek shelter from the rain

irgendwo \Schutz suchen to seek refuge [or shelter] somewhere

im \Schutz[e] der Dunkelheit under cover of darkness

zum \Schutz der Augen to protect the eyes

zum \Schutz gegen [o vor] Ansteckung to protect from [or against] infection, as a safeguard against infection; MIL cover

unter dem \Schutz des Artilleriefeuers under artillery cover

2. kein pl (Absicherung) protection

▪ der \Schutz von Personen/Sachen [vor jdm/etw] the protection of people/things [against [or from] sb/sth]

den \Schutz des Gesetzes genießen to enjoy the protection of law

zu jds \Schutz for sb's own protection

\Schutz Dritter protection of third parties

\Schutz geistigen Eigentums protection of intellectual property

\Schutz eines Patents scope of a patent

urheberrechtlicher \Schutz copyright protection

3. kein pl (Beistand) protection

\Schutz suchend seeking refuge pred

jdn jds dat \Schutz anvertrauen to entrust sb to sb's care

sich akk in jds \Schutz begeben to place oneself under the protection of sb [or sb's protection]

\Schutz bieten [o gewähren] to offer protection

jdn um [seinen] \Schutz bitten to ask sb for protection

jdn [vor jdm/etw] in \Schutz nehmen to defend sb [against sb/sth], to protect sb [from [or against] sb/sth], to stand up for sb [against sb/sth]

unter jds dat \Schutz stehen to be under the protection of sb [or sb's protection]

jdn unter polizeilichen \Schutz stellen to put sb under police protection

jdm \Schutz zusichern to guarantee sb protection

4. TECH protector, protecting device; (Panzer) armour [or AM -or]

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Schutz m; -es, kein pl protection (

gegen, vor +dat against, from); (Geleit) escort; (Obdach, Zuflucht) shelter, refuge; (Obhut) custody; (Deckung) cover; (Erhaltung) preservation, conservation; (Wärmeschutz) insulation; (Sicherung) safeguard;

rechtlicher Schutz legal protection;

den Schutz des Gesetzes genießen be protected by law;

jemandem Schutz gewähren give sb protection;

Schutz suchen seek protection; vor dem Regen etc: look for (a) shelter; fig seek refuge (

vor +dat from;

bei with);

sich Schutz suchend an jemanden wenden turn to sb for protection;

im Schutze des Deiches/der Nacht protected by the dyke/under cover of darkness;

jemanden in Schutz nehmen protect sb; (eintreten für) come to sb’s defence (US -se), back sb up;

da muss ich ihn in Schutz nehmen I have to take his side there;

ich will niemanden in Schutz nehmen I don’t want to take sides;

sie nimmt i-e Kinder immer in Schutz she won’t let anything be said against her children;

zum Schutz gegen Erkältungen etc to ward off colds etc, to build up one’s resistance against colds etc;

zum Schutz gegen Strahlung to protect ( oder shield) against radiation;

diese Medizin

bietet Schutz vor (+dat)

… protects against …

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cover n.

guard n.

lee n.

protection n.

safety n.

shelter n.

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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Clarence Birdseye went to high school at Montclair in New Jersey, and from there to Amherst College between 1906 and 1910. He became a field naturalist on the US Department of Agriculture's survey of 1910 to 1912, and during the following five years worked as a fur trader. He was the Purchasing Agent for the US Navy Corps between 1917 and 1919, and acted as Assistant to the President of the US Fisherman's Association between 1920 and 1922.

Birdseye was a keen fisherman, and during his time in Labrador learnt how to fast-freeze his catch in the wind. He formed the Birdseye Seafood Company in 1923 and pioneered the development of quick-freezing methods for the preservation of dressed seafood. His first company went bankrupt, but he quickly formed the General Seafoods Corporation. He filed his first patent in 1924 for the plate freezer, and in the late 1920s developed the double belt freezer. In 1929 Birdseye's company was bought out for $22 million, Birdseye himself receiving $1 million. He was an active member of the American Fisherman's Society, the American Society of Refrigeration Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society of Mammalogists and the Institute of Food Technologists.

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m; -es, kein Pl. protection (gegen, vor + Dat against, from); (Geleit) escort; (Obdach, Zuflucht) shelter, refuge; (Obhut) custody; (Deckung) cover; (Erhaltung) preservation, conservation; (Wärmeschutz) insulation; (Sicherung) safeguard; rechtlicher Schutz legal protection; den Schutz des Gesetzes genießen be protected by law; jemandem Schutz gewähren give s.o. protection; Schutz suchen seek protection; vor dem Regen etc.: look for (a) shelter; fig. seek refuge ( vor + Dat from; bei with); sich Schutz suchend an jemanden wenden turn to s.o. for protection; im Schutze des Deiches / der Nacht protected by the dyke / under cover of darkness; jemanden in Schutz nehmen protect s.o.; (eintreten für) come to s.o.’s defen|ce (Am. -se), back s.o. up; da muss ich ihn in Schutz nehmen I have to take his side there; ich will niemanden in Schutz nehmen I don’t want to take sides; sie nimmt i-e Kinder immer in Schutz she won’t let anything be said against her children; zum Schutz gegen Erkältungen etc. to ward off colds etc., to build up one’s resistance against colds etc.; zum Schutz gegen Strahlung to protect ( oder shield) against radiation; diese Medizin bietet Schutz vor (+ Dat) ... protects against...

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protection; cover; shelter; defence; defense; lee; patronage; safeguard

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m -es, no pl

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1) (something that hides: He escaped under cover of darkness.) cover

2) (the method or equipment used to guard or protect: The walls will act as a defence against flooding.) defence

3) (the act of protecting or state of being protected: He ran to his mother for protection; This type of lock gives extra protection against burglary.) protection

4) (something that protects: The trees were a good protection against the wind.) protection

5) (anything that so protects etc a person etc: He hid behind the screen of bushes; a smokescreen.) screen

6) (something or someone that protects: A thick steel plate acted as a heat shield.) shield

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1. kein pl (Sicherheit gegen Schaden) protection

▪ \Schutz vor etw dat/gegen etw akk protection against/from sth

\Schutz vor dem Regen suchen to seek shelter from the rain

irgendwo \Schutz suchen to seek refuge [or shelter] somewhere

im \Schutz[e] der Dunkelheit under cover of darkness

zum \Schutz der Augen to protect the eyes

zum \Schutz gegen [o vor] Ansteckung to protect from [or against] infection, as a safeguard against infection; MIL cover

unter dem \Schutz des Artilleriefeuers under artillery cover

2. kein pl (Absicherung) protection

▪ der \Schutz von Personen/Sachen [vor jdm/etw] the protection of people/things [against [or from] sb/sth]

den \Schutz des Gesetzes genießen to enjoy the protection of law

zu jds \Schutz for sb's own protection

\Schutz Dritter protection of third parties

\Schutz geistigen Eigentums protection of intellectual property

\Schutz eines Patents scope of a patent

urheberrechtlicher \Schutz copyright protection

3. kein pl (Beistand) protection

\Schutz suchend seeking refuge pred

jdn jds dat \Schutz anvertrauen to entrust sb to sb's care

sich akk in jds \Schutz begeben to place oneself under the protection of sb [or sb's protection]

\Schutz bieten [o gewähren] to offer protection

jdn um [seinen] \Schutz bitten to ask sb for protection

jdn [vor jdm/etw] in \Schutz nehmen to defend sb [against sb/sth], to protect sb [from [or against] sb/sth], to stand up for sb [against sb/sth]

unter jds dat \Schutz stehen to be under the protection of sb [or sb's protection]

jdn unter polizeilichen \Schutz stellen to put sb under police protection

jdm \Schutz zusichern to guarantee sb protection

4. TECH protector, protecting device; (Panzer) armour [or AM -or]

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Schütz n; -es, -e

1. am Wehr etc: sluice gate

2. ELEK cutout

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cover n.

guard n.

lee n.

protection n.

safety n.

shelter n.

m; -es, kein Pl. protection (gegen, vor + Dat against, from); (Geleit) escort; (Obdach, Zuflucht) shelter, refuge; (Obhut) custody; (Deckung) cover; (Erhaltung) preservation, conservation; (Wärmeschutz) insulation; (Sicherung) safeguard; rechtlicher Schutz legal protection; den Schutz des Gesetzes genießen be protected by law; jemandem Schutz gewähren give s.o. protection; Schutz suchen seek protection; vor dem Regen etc.: look for (a) shelter; fig. seek refuge ( vor + Dat from; bei with); sich Schutz suchend an jemanden wenden turn to s.o. for protection; im Schutze des Deiches / der Nacht protected by the dyke / under cover of darkness; jemanden in Schutz nehmen protect s.o.; (eintreten für) come to s.o.’s defen|ce (Am. -se), back s.o. up; da muss ich ihn in Schutz nehmen I have to take his side there; ich will niemanden in Schutz nehmen I don’t want to take sides; sie nimmt i-e Kinder immer in Schutz she won’t let anything be said against her children; zum Schutz gegen Erkältungen etc. to ward off colds etc., to build up one’s resistance against colds etc.; zum Schutz gegen Strahlung to protect ( oder shield) against radiation; diese Medizin bietet Schutz vor (+ Dat) ... protects against...

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protection; cover; shelter; defence; defense; lee; patronage; safeguard

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m -es, no pl

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1) (something that hides: He escaped under cover of darkness.) cover

2) (the method or equipment used to guard or protect: The walls will act as a defence against flooding.) defence

3) (the act of protecting or state of being protected: He ran to his mother for protection; This type of lock gives extra protection against burglary.) protection

4) (something that protects: The trees were a good protection against the wind.) protection

5) (anything that so protects etc a person etc: He hid behind the screen of bushes; a smokescreen.) screen

6) (something or someone that protects: A thick steel plate acted as a heat shield.) shield

* * *

1. kein pl (Sicherheit gegen Schaden) protection

▪ \Schutz vor etw dat/gegen etw akk protection against/from sth

\Schutz vor dem Regen suchen to seek shelter from the rain

irgendwo \Schutz suchen to seek refuge [or shelter] somewhere

im \Schutz[e] der Dunkelheit under cover of darkness

zum \Schutz der Augen to protect the eyes

zum \Schutz gegen [o vor] Ansteckung to protect from [or against] infection, as a safeguard against infection; MIL cover

unter dem \Schutz des Artilleriefeuers under artillery cover

2. kein pl (Absicherung) protection

▪ der \Schutz von Personen/Sachen [vor jdm/etw] the protection of people/things [against [or from] sb/sth]

den \Schutz des Gesetzes genießen to enjoy the protection of law

zu jds \Schutz for sb's own protection

\Schutz Dritter protection of third parties

\Schutz geistigen Eigentums protection of intellectual property

\Schutz eines Patents scope of a patent

urheberrechtlicher \Schutz copyright protection

3. kein pl (Beistand) protection

\Schutz suchend seeking refuge pred

jdn jds dat \Schutz anvertrauen to entrust sb to sb's care

sich akk in jds \Schutz begeben to place oneself under the protection of sb [or sb's protection]

\Schutz bieten [o gewähren] to offer protection

jdn um [seinen] \Schutz bitten to ask sb for protection

jdn [vor jdm/etw] in \Schutz nehmen to defend sb [against sb/sth], to protect sb [from [or against] sb/sth], to stand up for sb [against sb/sth]

unter jds dat \Schutz stehen to be under the protection of sb [or sb's protection]

jdn unter polizeilichen \Schutz stellen to put sb under police protection

jdm \Schutz zusichern to guarantee sb protection

4. TECH protector, protecting device; (Panzer) armour [or AM -or]

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…schutz m im subst:

Blickschutz (protective) screen;

Frostschutz frost protection;

Impfschutz (protection through) inoculation ( oder vaccination)

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cover n.

guard n.

lee n.

protection n.

safety n.

shelter n.

f < allg> ■ freezing preservation; cold-pack method

पदम् [पद्-अच्]

1 A foot (said to be m. also in this sense); पदेन on foot; शिखरिषु पदं न्यस्य Me.13; अपथे पदमर्पयन्ति हि R.9.74 'set foot on (follow) a wrong road'; 3.5;12.52; पदं हि सर्वत्र गुणैर्निधीयते 3.62 'good qualities set foot everywhere' i. e. command notice or make themselves felt; जनपदे न गदः पदमादधौ 9.4. 'no disease stepped into the country'; यदवधि न पदं दधाति चित्ते Bv.2.14; पदं कृ (a) to set foot in, on or over (lit.); शान्ते करिष्यसि पदं पुनराश्रमे$स्मिन् Ś.4.2. (b) to enter upon or into, take possession of, occupy (fig.); कृतं वपुषि नवयौवनेन पदम् K.137; कृतं हि मे कुतूहलेन प्रश्नाशया हृदि पदम् 133; so Ku.5.21; Pt.1.24; कृत्वा पदं नो गले Mu.3.26 'in defiance of us'; (lit. planting his foot on our neck); मूर्ध्नि पदं कृ 'to mount on the head of', 'to humble'; पदं मूर्ध्नि समाधत्ते केसरी मत्तदन्तिनः Pt.1.327; आकृतिविशेषेष्वादरः पदं करोति M.1 'good forms attract attention (command respect); जने सखी पदं कारिता Ś.4; 'made to have dealings with (to confide in)'; धर्मेण शर्वे पार्वतीं प्रति पदं कारिते Ku.6.14.

-2 A step, pace, stride; तन्वी स्थिता कतिचिदेव पदानि गत्वा Ś.2.13; पदे पदे 'at every step'; अक्षमालामदत्त्वा पदात् पदमपि न गन्तव्यम् or चलितव्यम् 'do not move even a step' &c.; पितुः पदं मध्यममुत्पतन्ती V.1.19 'the middle pace or stride of Viṣṇu.'; i. e. the sky (for mythologically speaking, the earth, sky, and lower world are considered as the three paces of Viṣṇu in his fifth or dwarf incarnation वामनावतार); so अथात्मनः शब्दगुणं गुणज्ञः पदं विमानेन विगाहमानः R.13.1.

-3 A foot-step, foot- print, foot-mark; पदपङ्क्तिः Ś.3.7; or पदावली foot-prints; पदमनुविधेयं च महताम् Bh.2.28 'the foot-steps of the great must be followed'; पदैगृर्ह्यते चौरः Y.2.286.

-4 A trace, mark, impression, vestige; रतिवलयपदाङ्के चापमासज्य कण्ठे Ku.2.64; Me.37,98; M.3.

-5 A place, position, station; अधो$धः पदम् Bh.2.1; आत्मा परिश्रमस्य पदमुपनीतः Ś.1, 'brought to the point of or exposed to trouble'; तदलब्धपदं हृदि शोकघने R.8.91, 'found no place in (left no impression on) the heart'; अपदे शङ्कितो$स्मि M.1, 'my doubts were out of place', i. e. groundless; कृशकुटुम्बेषु लोभः पदमधत्त Dk.162; Ku.6.72;3.4; R.2.5;9.82; कृतपदं स्तनयुगलम् U.6.35, 'brought into relief or bursting forth'.

-6 Dignity, rank, office, station or position; भगवत्या प्रश्निकपदमध्यासितव्यम् M.1; यान्त्येवं गृहिणीपदं युवतयः Ś.4.18, 'attain to the rank or position, &c.; स्थिता गृहिणीपदे 4.19; so सचिव˚, राज˚ &c.

-7 Cause, subject, occasion, thing, matter, business, affair; व्यवहारपदं हि तत् Y.2.5; 'occasion or matter of dispute, title of law, judicial proceeding'; Ms.8.7; सतां हि सन्देहपदेषु वस्तुषु Ś.1.22; वाञ्छितफलप्राप्तेः पदम् Ratn.1.6.

-8 Abode, object, receptacle; पदं दृशः स्याः कथमीश मादृशाम् Śi.1.37; 15.22; अगरीयान्न पदं नृपश्रियः Ki.2.14; अविवेकः परमापदां पदम् 2.3; के वा न स्युः परिभवपदं निष्फलारम्भयत्नाः Me.56; संपदः पदमापदाम् H.4.65.

-9 A quarter or line of a stanza, verse; विरचितपदम् (गेयम्) Me.88,15; M.5.2; Ś.3.14.

-1 A complete or inflected word; सुप्तिडन्तं पदम् P.I. 4.14. वर्णाः पदं प्रयोगार्हानन्वितैकार्थबोधकाः S. D.9; R.8.77; Ku.4.9.

-11 A name for the base of nouns before all consonantal case-terminations except nom. singular.

-12 Detachment of the Vedic words from one another, separation of a Vedic text into its several constituent words; वेदैः साङ्गपदक्रमोपनिषदैर्गायन्ति यं सामगाः Bhāg.12.13.1.

-13 A pretext; अनिभृतपदपातमापपात प्रियमिति कोपपदेन कापि सख्या Śi.7.14.

-14 A sqare root.

-15 A part, por- tion or division (as of a sentence); as त्रिपदा गायत्री.

-16 A measure of length.

-17 Protection, preservation; ते विंशतिपदे यत्ताः संप्रहारं प्रचक्रिरे Mb.7.36.13.

-18 A square or house on a chessboard; अष्टापदपदालेख्यैः Rām.

-19 A quadrant.

-2 The last of a series.

-21 A plot of ground.

-22 (In Arith.) Any one in a set of numbers the sum of which is required.

-23 A coin; माता पुत्रः पिता भ्राता भार्या मित्रजनस्तथा । अष्टापदपदस्थाने दक्षमुद्रेव लक्ष्यते ॥ Mb.12.298.4. (com. अष्टापदपदं सुवर्णकार्षापणः).

-24 A way, road; षट्पदं नवसंख्यानं निवेशं चक्रिरे द्विजाः Mb.14.64.1.

-25 Retribution (फल); ईहोपरमयोर्नॄणां पदान्यध्यात्मचक्षुषा Bhāg.7.13.2.

-दः A ray of light.

-Comp. -अङ्कः, चिह्नम् a foot-print.

-अङ्गुष्ठः the great toe, thumb (of the foot).

-अध्ययनम् study of the Vedas according to the पदपाठ q. v.

-अनुग a.

1 following closely, being at the heels of (gen.).

-2 suitable, agreeable to. (

-गः) a follower, companion; एतान्निहत्य समरे ये चृ तस्य पदानुगाः । तांश्च सर्वान् विनिर्जित्य सहितान् सनराधिपान् ॥ Mb.3.12.6.

-अनुरागः 1 a servant.

-2 an army.

-अनुशासनम् the science of words, grammar.

-अनुषङ्गः anything added to a pada.

-अन्तः 1 the end of a line of a stanza.

-2 the end of a word.

-अन्तरम् another step, the interval of one step; पदान्तरे स्थित्वा Ś.1; अ˚ closely, without a pause.

-अन्त्य a. final.

-अब्जम्, -अम्भोजम्, -अरविन्दम्, -कमलम्, -पङ्कजम्, -पद्मम् a lotus-like foot.

-अभिलाषिन् a. wishing for an office.

-अर्थः 1 the meaning of a word.

-2 a thing or object.

-3 a head or topic (of which the Naiyāyikas enumerate 16 subheads).

-4 anything which can be named (अभिधेय), a category or predicament; the number of such categories, according to the Vaiśeṣikas, is seven; according to the Sāṅkhyas, twentyfive (or twenty-seven according to the followers of Patañjali), and two according to the Vedāntins.

-5 the sense of another word which is not expressed but has to be supplied. ˚अनुसमयः preforming one detail with reference to all things or persons concerned; then doing the second, then the third and so on (see अनुसमय). Hence पदार्थानुसमयन्याय means: A rule of interpretation according to which, when several details are to be performed with reference to several things or persons, they should be done each to each at a time.

-आघातः 'a stroke with the foot', a kick.

-आजिः a foot-soldier.

-आदिः 1 the beginning of the line of a stanza.

-2 the beginning or first letter of a word. ˚विद् m. a bad student (knowing only the beginnings of stanzas).

-आयता a shoe.

-आवली a series of words, a continued arrangement of words or lines; (काव्यस्य) शरीरं तावदिष्टार्थव्यवच्छिन्नापदावली Kāv. 1.1; मधुरकोमलकान्तपदावलीं शृणु तदा जयदेवसरस्वतीम् Gīt.1.

-आसनम् a foot-stool.

- आहत a. kicked.

-कमलम् lotus-like foot.

-कारः, -कृत् m. the author of the Padapāṭha.

-क्रमः 1 walking, a pace; न चित्रमुच्चैः श्रवसः पदक्रमम् (प्रशशंस) Śi.1.52.

-2 a particular method of reciting the Veda; cf. क्रम.

-गः a foot-soldier.

-गतिः f. gait, manner of going.

-गोत्रम् a family supposed to preside over a particular class of words.

-छेदः, -विच्छेदः, -विग्रहः separation of words, resolu- tion of a sentence into its constituent parts.

-च्युत a. dismissed from office, deposed.

-जातम् class or group of words.

-दार्ढ्यम् fixedness or security of text.

-न्यासः 1 stepping, tread, step.

-2 a foot-mark.

-3 position of the feet in a particular attitude.

-4 the plant गोक्षुर.

-5 writing down verses or quarters of verses; अप्रगल्भाः पदन्यासे जननीरागहेतवः । सन्त्येके बहुलालापाः कवयो बालका इव ॥ Trivikramabhaṭṭa.

-पङ्क्तिः f.

1 a line of foot-steps; द्वारे$स्य पाण्डुसिकते पदपङ्क्तिर्दृश्यते$भिनवा Ś.3.7; V.4.6.

-2 a line or arrangement of words, a series of words; कृतपदपङ्क्तिरथर्वणेव वेदः Ki.1.1.

-3 an iṣtakā or sacred brick.

-4 a kind of metre.

-पाठः an arrangement of the Vedic text in which each word is written and pronounced in its original form and independently of phonetic changes (opp. संहितापाठ).

-पातः, विक्षेपः a step, pace (of a horse also).

-बन्धः a foot-step, step.

-भञ्जनम् analysis of words, etymology.

-भञ्जिका 1 a commentary which separates the words and analyses the compounds of a passage.

-2 a register, journal.

-3 a calendar.

-भ्रंशः dismissal from office.

-माला a magical formula.

-योपनम् a fetter for the feet (Ved.).

-रचना 1 arrangement of words.

-2 literary composition.

-वायः Ved. a leader.

-विष्टम्भः a step, footstep.

-वृत्तिः f. the hiatus between two words.

-वेदिन् a linguist, philologist.

-व्याख्यानम् interpreta- tion of words.

-शास्त्रम् the science of separately written words.

-संघातः (टः) 1 connecting the words which are separated in the संहिता.

-2 a writer, an annotator.

-संधिः m. the euphonic combination of words.

-स्थ a.

1 going on foot.

-2 being in a position of authority or high rank.

-स्थानम् a foot-print.

योगः [युज् भावादौ घञ् कुत्वम्]

1 Joining, uniting.

-2 Union, junction, combination; उपरागान्ते शशिनः समुपगता रोहिणी योगम् Ś.7.22; गुणमहतां महते गुणाय योगः Ki.1.25; (वां) योगस्तडित्तोयदयोरिवास्तु R.6.65.

-3 Contact, touch, connection; तमङ्कमारोप्य शरीरयोगजैः सुखैर्निषिञ्चन्तमिवामृतं त्वचि R.3.26.

-4 Employment, application, use; एतै- रुपाययोगैस्तु शक्यास्ताः परिरक्षितुम् Ms.9.1; R.1.86.

-5 Mode, manner, course, means; ज्ञानविज्ञानयोगेन कर्मणा- मुद्धरन् जटाः Bhāg.3.24.17; कथायोगेन बुध्यते H.1. 'In the course of conversation'.

-6 Consequence, result; (mostly at the end of comp on in abl.); रक्षायोगादयमपि तपः प्रत्यहं संचिनोति Ś.2.15; Ku.7.55.

-7 A yoke.

-8 A convey- ance, vehicle, carriage.

-9 (a) An armour. (b) Put- ting on armour.

-1 Fitness, propriety, suitableness.

-11 An occupation, a work, business.

-12 A trick, fraud, device; योगाधमनविक्रीतं योगदानप्रतिग्रहम् Ms.8.165.

-13 An expedient, plan, means in general.

-14 Ende- avour, zeal, diligence, assiduity; ज्ञानमेकस्थमाचार्ये ज्ञानं योगश्च पाण़्डवे Mb.7.188.45. इन्द्रियाणां जये योगं समातिष्ठेद् दिवा- निशम् Ms.7.44.

-15 Remedy, cure.

-16 A charm, spell, incantation, magic, magical art; तथाख्यातविधानं च योगः संचार एव च Mb.12.59.48.

-17 Gaining, acqui- ring, acquisition; बलस्य योगाय बलप्रधानम् Rām.2.82.3.

-18 The equipment of an army.

-19 Fixing, putting on, practice; सत्येन रक्ष्यते धर्मो विद्या योगेन रक्ष्यते Mb.5.34. 39.

-2 A side; an argument.

-21 An occasion, oppor- tunity.

-22 Possibility, occurrence.

-23 Wealth, sub- stance.

-24 A rule, precept.

-25 Dependence, relation, regular order or connection, dependence of one word upon another.

-26 Etymology or derivation of the meaning of a word.

-27 The etymological meaning of a word (opp. रूढि); अवयवशक्तिर्योगः.

-28 Deep and ab- stract meditation, concentration of the mind, contempla- tion of the Supreme Spirit, which in Yoga phil. is defined as चित्तवृत्तिनिरोध; स ब्रह्मयोगयुक्तात्मा सुखमक्षयमश्नुते Bg. 5.21; सती सती योगविसृष्टदेहा Ku.1.21; V.1.1; योगेनान्ते तनुत्यजाम् R.1.8.

-29 The system of philosophy established by Patañjali, which is considered to be the second division of the Sāṁkhya philosophy, but is prac- tically reckoned as a separate system; एकं सांख्यं च योगं च यः पश्यति स पश्यति Bg.5.5. (The chief aim of the Yoga philosophy is to teach the means by which the human soul may be completely united with the Supreme Spirit and thus secure absolution; and deep abstract medita- tion is laid down as the chief means of securing this end, elaborate rules being given for the proper practice of such Yoga or concentration of mind.)

-3 A follow- er of the Yoga system of philosophy; जापकैस्तुल्यफलता योगानां नात्र संशयः Mb.12.2.23.

-31 (In arith.) Addition.

-32 (In astr.) Conjunction, lucky conjunc- tion.

-33 A combination of stars.

-34 N. of a parti- cular astronomical division of time (27 such Yogas are usually enumerated).

-35 The principal star in a lunar mansion.

-36 Devotion, pious seeking after god.

-37 A spy, secret agent.

-38 A traitor, a violator of truth or confidence.

-39 An attack; योगमाज्ञापयामास शिकस्य विषयं प्रति Śiva B.13.7.

-4 Steady applica- tion; श्रुताद् हि प्रज्ञा, प्रज्ञया योगो योगादात्मवत्ता Kau. A.1.5; मयि चानन्ययोगेन भक्तिरव्यभिचारिणी Bg.13.1.

-41 Ability, power; एतां विभूतिं योगं च मम यो वेत्ति तत्त्वतः Bg. 1.7; पश्य मे योगमैश्वरम् 11.8.

-42 Equality, sameness; समत्वं योग उच्यते Bg.2.48.

-Comp. -अङ्गम् a means of attaining Yoga; (these are eight; for their names see यम 5.)

-अञ्जनम् a healing ointment.

-अनुशासनम् the doctrine of the Yoga.

-अभ्यासिन् a. practising the Yoga philosophy.

-आख्या a name based on mere casual contact; स्याद् योगाख्या हि माथुरवत् MS.1.3. 21. (cf. एषा योगाख्या योगमात्रापेक्षा न भूतवर्तमानभविष्यत्सं- बन्धापेक्षा ŚB. on ibid.)

-आचारः 1 the practice or obser- vance of Yoga.

-2 a follower of that Buddhist school which maintains the eternal existence of intelligence or विज्ञान alone.

-3 An act of fraud or magic; ततो$नेन योगाचारन्यायेन दूरमाकृष्य Mv.4.

-आचार्यः 1 a teacher of magic.

-2 a teacher of the Yoga philosophy.

-आधमनम् a fraudulent pledge; योगाधमनविक्रीतम् Ms.8.165.

-आपत्तिः modification of usage.

-आरूढ a. engaged in profound and abstract meditation; योगारूढस्य तस्यैव शमः कारणमुच्यते Bg.6.3.

-आवापः the first attitude of an archer.

-आसनम् a posture suited to profound and abstract meditation.

-इन्द्रः, -ईशः, -ईश्वरः 1 an adept in or a master of Yoga.

-2 one who has obtained superhuman faculties.

-3 a magician.

-4 a deity.

-5 an epithet of Śiva.

-6 a Vetāla.

-7 an epithet of Yājñavalkya.

-इष्टम् 1 tin.

-2 lead.

-कक्षा = योगपट्टम् below.

-कन्या N. of the infant daughter of Yaśodā (substituted as the child of Devakī for Kṛiṣṇa and killed by Kaṁsa).

-क्षेमः 1 security of possession, keeping safe of property.

-2 the charge for securing property from accidents, insurance; Ms.7.127.

-3 welfare, well-being, secu- rity, prosperity; तेषां नित्याभियुक्तानां योगक्षेमं वहाम्यहम् Bg. 9.22; मुग्धाया मे जनन्या योगक्षेमं वहस्व M.4.

-4 property, profit, gain.

-5 property designed for pious uses; cf. Ms.9.219.

-मौ, -मे or

-मम् (i. e. m. or n. dual or n. sing.) acquisition and preservation (of property), gain and security, preserving the old and acquiring the new (not previously obtained); अलभ्यलाभो योगः स्यात् क्षेमो लब्धस्य पालनम्; see Y.1.1 and Mit, thereon; तेन भृता राजानः प्रजानां योगक्षेमवहाः Kau. A.1.13; आन्वी- क्षिकीत्रयीवार्तानां योगक्षेमसाधनो दण्डः । तस्य नीतिः दण्डनीतिः Kau. A.1.4.

-गतिः f.

1 Primitive condition.

-2 the state of union.

-गामिन् a. going (through the air) by means of magical power.

-चक्षुस् m. a Brāhmaṇa

-चरः N. of Hanumat.

-चूर्णम् a magical powder, a powder having magical virtues; कल्पितमनेन योगचूर्णमिश्रितमौषधं चन्द्रगुप्ताय Mu.2.

-जम् agallochum.

-तल्पम् = योगनिद्रा.

-तारका, -तारा the chief star in a Nakṣatra or constellation.

-दण्डः a magic wand; Sinhās.

-दानम् 1 communica- ting the Yoga doctrine.

-2 a fraudulent gift.

-धारणा perseverance or steady continuance in devotion.

-नाथः 1 an epithet of Śiva.

-2 of Datta.

-नाविका, -कः a kind of fish;

-निद्रा 1 a state of half contemplation and half sleep, a state between sleep and wakefulness; i. e. light sleep; गर्भे प्रणीते देवक्या रोहिणीं योगनिद्रया Bhāg.1. 2.15; योगनिद्रां गतस्य मम Pt.1; H.3.75; ब्रह्मज्ञानाभ्यसन- विधिना योगनिद्रां गतस्य Bh.3.41.

-2 particularly, the sleep of Viṣṇu at the end of a Yuga; R.1.14; 13.6.

-3 N. of Durgā.

-4 the great sleep of Brahmā during the period between प्रलय and उत्पत्ति of the universe.

-निद्रालुः N. of Viṣṇu.

-निलयः N. of Śiva or Viṣṇu.

-पट्टम् a cloth thrown over the back and knees of an ascetic during abstract meditation; क्षणनीरवया यया निशि श्रितवप्रावलियोगपट्टया N.2.78; एकान्तावलम्बितयोगपट्टिकाम् गुहाम् K. Pūrvabhāga.

-पतिः an epithet of Viṣṇu.

-पदम् a state of self-concentration.

-पादुका a magical shoe (taking the wearer anywhere he wishes).

-पानम् a liquor adult- erated with narcotics.

-पारगः N. of Śiva.

-पीठम् a particular posture during Yoga meditation.

-पीडः, -डम् a kind of posture of the gods.

-पुरुषः a spy; यथा च योगपुरुषैरन्यान् राजाधितिष्ठति Kau. A.1.21.

-बलम् 1 the power of devotion or abstract meditation, any superna- tural power.

-2 power of magic.

-भावना (in alg.) composition of numbers by the sum of their products.

-भ्रष्ट a. one who has fallen from the practice of Yoga.

-माया 1 the magical power of the Yoga.

-2 the power of God in the creation of the world personified as a deity; (भगवतः सर्जनार्था शक्तिः); नाहं प्रकाशः सर्वस्य योगमायासमावृतः Bg.7.25.

-3 N. of Durgā.

-यात्रा the way to the union with the Supreme Spirit; the way of attaining Yoga.

-युक्त a. immersed in deep meditation, absorbed; योगयुक्तो भवार्जुन Bg.8.27;5.6-7.

-रङ्गः the orange.

-रत्नम् a magical jewel.

-राजः 1 a kind of medicinal preparation.

-2 one well-versed in Yoga.

-रूढ a.

1 having an etymological as well as a special or conventional meaning (said of a word); e. g. the word पङ्कज etymologically means 'anything produced in mud', but in usage or popular convention it is restricted to some things only produced in mud, such as the lotus; cf. the word आतपत्र or 'parasol'.

-2 engaged in meditation (s. v.

-आरूढ); ध्यायन्ते...... योगिनो योगरूढाः Brav. P. ब्रह्मखण्ड 1.3.

-रोचना a kind of magical ointment said to have the power of making one invisible or invulnerable; तेन च परितुष्टेन योगरोचना मे दत्ता Mk.3.

-वर्तिका a magical lamp or wick.

-वरः an epithet of Hanumant; L. D. B.

-वामनम् secret con- trivances; Kau. A.

-वासिष्ठम् N. of a work (treating of the means of obtaining final beatitude by means of Yoga).

-वाहः a term for the sounds विसर्जनीय, जिह्वामूलीय, उपध्मानीय and नासिक्य q. q. v. v.

-वाह a. resolving (chemically).

-वाहिन् a. assimilating to one's self. -m., n. medium for mixing medicines (such as natron, honey, mercury); नानाद्रव्यात्मकत्वाञ्च योगवाहि परं मधु Suśr.

-वाही 1 an alkali.

-2 honey.

-3 quick- silver.

-विक्रयः a fraudulent sale.

-विद् a.

1 knowing the proper method, skilful, clever.

-2 conversant with Yoga. (-m.)

1 an epithet of Śiva.

-2 a practiser of Yoga.

-3 a follower of the Yoga doctrines.

-4 a magician.

-5 a compounder of medicines.

-विद्या the science of Yoga.

-विधिः practice of Yoga or mental abstraction; न च योगविधेर्नवेतरः स्थिरधीरा परमात्मदर्शनात् (विरराम) R.8.22.

-विभागः separation of that which is usually combined together into one; especially, the separation of the words of a Sūtra, the splitting of one rule into two or more (frequently used by Patañjali in his Mahābhāṣya; e. g. see अदसो मात् P.I.1.12).

-शब्दः a word the meaning of which is plain from the etymo- logy.

-शायिन् a. half asleep and half absorbed in con- templation; cf. योगनिद्रा.

-शास्त्रम् the Yoga philosophy, esp. the work of Patañjali.

-संसिद्धिः perfection in Yoga.

-समाधिः the absorption of the soul in profound and ab- stract contemplation; तमसः परमापदव्ययं पुरुषं योगसमाधिना रघुः R.8.24.

-सारः a universal remedy; a panacea.

-सिद्धिः f. achievement in succession i. e. by separate performance; पर्यायो योगसिद्धिः ŚB. on MS. ˚न्यायः the rule according to which when an act (e. g. दर्शपूर्णमास) is said to yield all desired objects, what is meant is that it can yield them only one at a time and not all simultaneously. This is established by जैमिनि and शबर in MS.4.3.27-28. Thus for the achievement of each separate काम, a separate performance of the याग is necessary; (see दर्शपूर्णमासन्याय).

-सूत्रम् aphorisms of the Yoga system of philosophy (attributed to Patañjali).

-सेवा the practice of abstract meditation.

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport

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[br]

[br]

McAdam was the son of one of the founder of the first bank in Ayr. As an infant, he nearly died in a fire which destroyed the family's house of Laywyne, in Carsphairn parish; the family then moved to Blairquhan, near Straiton. Thence he went to the parish school in Maybole, where he is said to have made a model section of a local road. In 1770, when his father died, he was sent to America where he was brought up by an uncle who was a merchant in New York. He stayed in America until the close of the revolution, becoming an agent for the sale of prizes and managing to amass a considerable fortune. He returned to Scotland where he settled at Sauchrie in Ayrshire. There he was a magistrate, Deputy-Lieutenant of the county and a road trustee, spending thirteen years there. In 1798 he moved to Falmouth in Devon, England, on his appointment as agent for revictualling of the Royal Navy in western ports.

He continued the series of experiments started in Ayrshire on the construction of roads. From these he concluded that a road should be built on a raised foundation with drains formed on either side, and should be composed of a number of layers of hard stone broken into angular fragments of roughly cubical shape; the bottom layer would be larger rocks, with layers of progressively smaller rocks above, all bound together with fine gravel. This would become compacted and almost impermeable to water by the action of the traffic passing over it. In 1815 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Bristol's roads and put his theories to the test.

In 1823 a Committee of the House of Commons was appointed to consider the use of "macadamized" roads in larger towns; McAdam gave evidence to this committee, and it voted to give him £10,000 for his past work. In 1827 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Roads and moved to Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire. From there he made yearly visits to Scotland and it was while returning from one of these that he died, at Moffat in the Scottish Borders. He had married twice, both times to American women; his first wife was the mother of all seven of his children.

McAdam's method of road construction was much cheaper than that of Thomas Telford, and did much to ease travel and communications; it was therefore adopted by the majority of Turnpike Trusts in Britain, and the macadamization process quickly spread to other countries.

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σωτηρία, ας, ἡ (Trag., Hdt.+)

① deliverance, preservation, w. focus on physical aspect: fr. impending death, esp. on the sea (IMaronIsis 11; Diod S 3, 40, 1 λιμὴν σωτηρίας; 2 Macc 3:32; GrBar 1:3; Philo, Mos. 1, 317; Jos., Ant. 7, 5; 183; Ar. 3, 2) Ac 27:34; Hb 11:7. Of the deliverance of the Israelites fr. Egyptian bondage (Jos., Ant. 2, 331) Ac 7:25 (διδόναι σωτηρίαν on the part of a deity: Menand., Col. Fgm. 292, 5=1, 5 Kö.). Survival of a hand punished by fire GJs 20:3. A transition to mng. 2 is found in Lk 1:71, where σωτηρία ἐξ ἐχθρῶν ἡμῶν deliverance from the hand of our enemies is expected (cp. Ps 105:10 and ApcPt Rainer ἐν σωτηρίᾳ Ἀχερουσίας λίμνης, where the ref. is to a baptism marking the beginning of life in Elysium); 1 Cl 39:9 (Job 5:4).—S. λίμνη, end.

② salvation, w. focus on transcendent aspects (LXX, Just., Iren; cp. Herm. Wr. 7, 2 [on salvation through gnosis s. GLuck, SBLSP 24, ’85, 315–20]; Ael. Aristid., Sacr. Serm. 3, 46 p. 424 Keil ἐγένετο φῶς παρὰ τῆς Ἴσιδος καὶ ἕτερα ἀμύθητα φέροντα εἰς σωτηρίαν; the Hymn to Attis in Firmicus Maternus, De Errore Prof. Relig. 22, 1 Θαρρεῖτε μύσται τοῦ θεοῦ σεσωσμένου. Ἔσται γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐκ πόνων σωτηρία [HHepding, Attis, seine Mythen u. sein Kult 1903, 167]. The Lat. ‘salus’ in the description of the Isis ceremony in Apuleius corresponds to the Gk. σωτηρία [GAnrich, Das antike Mysterienwesen 1894, 47f; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 39]). In our lit. this sense is found only in connection w. Jesus Christ as Savior. This salvation makes itself known and felt in the present, but it will be completely disclosed in the future. Opp. ἀπώλεια Phil 1:28 (Mel., P. 49, 356; on the probability of military metaphor s. EKrentz, in Origins and Method, JHurd Festschr., ed. BMcLean, ’93, 125f); θάνατος (cp. Damasc., Vi. Isid. 131: through Attis and the Mother of the Gods there comes ἡ ἐξ ᾅδου γεγονυῖα ἡμῶν σωτ.) 2 Cor 7:10; ὀργή 1 Th 5:9. W. ζωή 2 Cl 19:1; ζωὴ αἰώνιος IEph 18:1. σωτηρία αἰώνιος (Is 45:17) Hb 5:9; short ending of Mk; ἣ κοινὴ ἡμῶν σωτ. Jd 3 (SIG 409, 33f ἀγωνιζόμενος ὑπὲρ τῆς κοινῆς σωτηρίας); σωτ. ψυχῶν salvation of souls 1 Pt 1:9 (ς. τῶν ψυχῶν Hippol., Ref. 10, 19, 3); cp. vs. 10 (ESelwyn, 1 Pt ’46, 252f). σωτηρία ἡ τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν MPol 22:1. ἡ τῶν σῳζομένων σωτ. 17:2 (ἡ ς. τῶν μετανοούντων Did., Gen. 71, 28; σωτηρία τῶν ἀγαθῶν Hippol., Ref. 7, 28, 6; ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ς. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 73, 13). On κέρας σωτηρίας Lk 1:69 s. κέρας 3. σωτηρίας as objective gen. dependent upon various nouns: γνῶσις σωτηρίας Lk 1:77; ἐλπὶς σωτ. (TestJob 24:1; cp. Philemo Com. 181 οἱ θεὸν σέβοντες ἐλπίδας καλὰς ἔχουσιν εἰς σωτηρίαν) 1 Th 5:8; 2 Cl 1:7; ἔνδειξις σωτ. Phil 1:28 (opp. ἀπώλεια). τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς σωτηρίας ὑμῶν Eph 1:13. ὁ λόγος τῆς σωτηρίας ταύτης Ac 13:26. ὁδὸς σωτηρίας way to salvation 16:17; περιποίησις σωτ. 1 Th 5:9. ἡμέρα σωτηρίας (quot. fr. Is 49:8) of the day when the apostle calls them to salvation 2 Cor 6:2ab (cp. the mystery in Apuleius, Metam. 11, 5 ‘dies salutaris’ = ‘day of initiation’). Christ is ὁ ἀρχηγὸς τῆς σωτ. Hb 2:10 (ἀρχηγός 3). ὁ θεὸς τῆς σωτ. μου 1 Cl 18:14 (Ps 50:16).—Used w. verbs: ἔχειν σωτηρίαν Hv 2, 2, 5; 3, 6, 1; m 10, 2, 4; 12, 3, 6. κληρονομεῖν σωτηρίαν Hb 1:14. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σωτ. κατεργάζεσθαι Phil 2:12 (κατεργάζομαι 2). σωτηρίας τυχεῖν τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰ. 2 Ti 2:10 (τυχεῖν σωτηρίας: Diod S 11, 4, 4; 11, 9, 1). εἰς σωτηρίαν for salvation (i.e. to appropriate it for oneself or grant it to another) Ro 1:16; 10:1, 10; 2 Cor 7:10; Phil 1:19 (ἀποβαίνω 2); 2 Th 2:13; 2 Ti 3:15; 1 Pt 2:2. πόρρω … ἀπὸ τῆς σωτ. 1Cl 39:9 (Job 3:4). τὰ ἀνήκοντα εἰς σωτηρίαν the things that pertain to salvation 1 Cl 45:1; B 17:1 (cp. SIG 1157, 12f).—σωτηρία is plainly expected to be fully culminated w. the second coming of the Lord Ro 13:11; Hb 9:28; 1 Pt 1:5.—(ἡ) σωτηρία without further qualification= salvation is also found Lk 19:9 (cp. GJs 19:2); J 4:22 (ἡ σωτ. ἐκ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐστίν); Ac 4:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 23 ἐν θεῷ εἶναι τ. σωτηρίαν αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐν ἄλλῳ); Ro 11:11; 2 Cor 1:6; Hb 2:3 (τηλικαύτη σωτ.); 6:9. ἡ σωτ. ἡμῶν 2 Cl 1:1; 17:5; B 2:10.—Christ died even for the salvation of the repentant Ninevites in the time of Jonah 1 Cl 7:7; cp. vs. 4.—σωτηρία stands by metonymy for σωτήρ (in the quot. fr. Is 49:6) τοῦ εἶναί σε εἰς σωτηρίαν ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς Ac 13:47; B 14:8. On the other hand, for a circumstance favorable for our attainment of salvation ἡγεῖσθαί τι σωτηρίαν 2 Pt 3:15.—In the three places in Rv in which σωτ. appears as part of a doxology we have a Hebraism (salvation as victory intimately associated w. God; PEllingworth, BT 34, ’83, 444f; cp. Ps 3:9 and PsSol 10:8 τοῦ κυρίου ἡ σωτηρία) 7:10; 12:10; 19:1.—LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 248–66; HHaerens, Σωτήρ et σωτηρία dans la religion grecque: Studia Hellenistica 5, ’48, 57–68; FDölger, Ac 6, ’50, 257–63.—DELG s.v. σῶς. RLoewe, JTS 32, ’81, 341–68 (ins pp. 364–68). DBS XI 486–739. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.